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Validation Information: FFQ (Japan)

Watanabe 2019

Validation of Energy and Nutrition Intake in Japanese Elderly Individuals Estimated Based on a Short Food Frequency Questionnaire Compared against a 7-day Dietary Record: The Kyoto-Kameoka Study

To determine the association between geriatric disorders and dietary intake, validation of a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for elderly individuals is needed. We compared energy and nutrient intakes derived from dietary records (DR) and FFQ in an elderly population and compared the data against results from middle-aged individuals (30–68 years) from a previous study. Current participants included 65 women and 78 men (65–88 years) who completed FFQ and 7-day DR in a subpopulation of the Kyoto-Kameoka study. Our FFQ was created for middle-aged individuals. To validate the FFQ, we investigated equivalent precision by comparing the correlation coefficients between the present and previous study. Median correlations for energy and nutrient intake between the DR and FFQ in the current and previous studies were 0.24 and 0.30 (p = 0.329) in women and 0.24 and 0.28 (p = 0.399) in men, respectively. The median ratio of FFQ to DR for these intakes were also similar. The accuracy and precision of the FFQ for energy and nutrient intake in elderly individuals did not differ compared with previous findings in a middle-aged population. A validation study evaluating energy and nutrient intake using recovery biomarkers is further needed.

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Validation Information

Author
Watanabe
Year of Publication
2019

Tool Information

Dietary Exposure Measured
Full Nutrient
Tool Type
Food Frequency Questionnaire
Timeframe Tool Measures info
1 Year
Portion Size Measures info
Semi-quantitative portion sizing was not considered, and the FFQ did not provide detailed information on portion sizes for each food. Portion sizes were uniformly determined according to age (middle-aged adults) and sex.
Reporting Method info
Usual; Retrospective
Format info
Paper
Supplements Measured
Not Reported
Administration Method info
Self-administered

Study Information

Study Location
Kyoto, Japan
Associated Nutrient Database
Not Reported
Comparator Validated Against
Food Diary Estimated

Participants

Sample Size
65 (Female), 78 (Male)
Lifestage
Elderly, Adults and Elderly
Age of Population

Range: women 65–85 years; men 66–88 years

Sex
Female Only, Male Only
Other Notable Characteristics
N/A

Total number of nutrients validated: 22 info

Not all of the nutrients validated in the validation studies are included in the table below, as statistical data was only selected to be displayed for a number of nutrients, this included:

  • Energy
  • Fat
  • Saturated Fat
  • Mono-unsaturated Fat
  • Poly-unsaturated Fat
  • Carbohydrates
  • Protein
  • Sugar
  • Non‐starch polysaccharides(NSP)
  • Sodium
  • Calcium
  • Iron
  • Zinc
  • Retinol
  • Folate
  • Folic Acid
  • Vitamin B12
  • Vitamin C
  • Fruit & Vegetables
  • Urinary Nitrogen

To find information on the other validated nutrients please read the validation study.

  • Energy
  • Macronutrients: 8
  • Micronutrients: 14
Comparator Lifestage Sex Nutrient Measured info Mean Difference Standard Deviation info Correlation Coefficient info Cohen's Kappa Coefficient Percentage Agreement Percentage Agreement Categories info Lower Limits of Agreement Upper Limits of Agreement
7-day Dietary Record Elderly Female Only Energy (kcal) -227 282 0.37 (S) -791 337
Protein (g) -16.5 12 0.30 (S) -40.5 7.5
Fat (g) 0.7 7 0.22 (S) -13.3 14.7
Saturated Fat (g) -1 3.3 0.35 (S) -7.6 5.6
MUFA (g) 3.4 5.6 0.12 (S) -7.8 14.6
PUFA (g) 4.7 4.6 0.05 (S) -4.5 13.9
Carbohydrate (g) -40 47 0.45 (S) -134 54
Calcium (mg) 15 165 0.33 (S) -315 345
Iron (mg) -1.2 2.1 0.50 (S) -5.4 3
7-day Dietary Record Adults and Elderly Male Only Energy (kcal) -207 414 0.36 (S) -1035 621
Protein (g) -20.2 2 0.22 (S) -24.2 -16.2
Fat (g) -5.4 8 0.38 (S) -21.4 10.6
Saturated Fat (g) -2.2 5 0.35 (S) -12.2 7.8
MUFA (g) 1.3 6.1 0.12 (S) -10.9 13.5
PUFA (g) 3.5 4.6 0.05 (S) -5.7 12.7
Carbohydrate (g) -21 8.4 0.57 (S) -37.8 -4.2
Calcium (mg) 12 183 0.21 (S) -354 378
Iron (mg) -1.7 1.9 0.38 (S) -5.5 2.1
Folate (µg) 8 106 0.29 (S) -204 220
Folate (µg) -18 100 0.21 (S) -218 182
Vitamin C (mg) -22 52 0.43 (S) -126 82
Vitamin C (mg) -25 55 0.24 (S) -135 85

Some results have been calculated using statistical techniques based on the published data.

For further information on statistical terms click on Statistical tests used in validation studies

All correlations coefficients in the table are unadjusted unless stated otherwise. For adjusted correlation coefficients and other statistical methods used in the study e.g. paired t-tests, please read the validation articles.

  • # Adjusted
  • † Energy adjusted.
  • ‡ For loge-transformed, energy-adjusted nutrient intakes.
  • ^ Adjacent included.
  • ᵟ Participants provided identical responses.
  • (w) = Weighted.

Vilayannur R, Puri V, Anantheswaran R. Size and shape effect on nonuniformity of temperature and moisture distributions in microwave heated food materials: Part I simulation. Journal of Food Process Engineering. 1998;21(3):209-33.