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Validation Information: 24h Recall

Bingham 1994

Comparison of dietary assessment methods in nutritional epidemiology: weighed records v. 24 h recalls, food-frequency questionnaires and estimated-diet records

Women (n 160) aged 50 to 65 years were asked to weigh their food for 4d on four occasions over the period of 1 year, using the PETRA (Portable Electronic Tape Recorded Automatic) scales. Throughout the year, they were asked to complete seven other dietary assessment methods: a simple 24h recall, a structured 24h recall with portion size assessments using photographs, two food-frequency questionnaires, a 7d estimated record or open-ended food diary, a structured food-frequency (menu) record, and a structured food-frequency (menu) record with portion sizes assessed using photographs. Comparisons between the average of the 16d weighed records and the first presentation of each method indicated that food-frequency questionnaires were not appreciably better at placing individuals in the distribution of habitual diet than 24h recalls, due partly to inaccuracies in the estimation of frequency of food consumption. With a 7d estimated record or open-ended food diary, however, individual values of nutrients were most closely associated with those obtained from 16d weighed records, and there were no significant differences in average food or nutrient intakes

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Validation Information

Author
Bingham
Year of Publication
1994

Tool Information

Dietary Exposure Measured
Full Nutrient, Food Groups
Tool Type
24 Hour Recall
Timeframe Tool Measures info
1 Day
Portion Size Measures info
Photographs and two-dimensional shapes of food.
Reporting Method info
Retrospective
Format info
Paper
Supplements Measured
Not Reported
Administration Method info
Self-administered

Study Information

Study Location
Cambridge, England
Associated Nutrient Database
McCance & Widdowson's The Composition of Foods, 4th edition and supplements
Comparator Validated Against
Weighed Food Diary

Participants

Sample Size
160 (Unstructured), 160 (Structured)
Lifestage
Adults
Age of Population

Range: 50-65 years

Sex
Female Only (Unstructured), Female Only (Structured)
Other Notable Characteristics
N/A

Total number of nutrients validated: 14 info

Not all of the nutrients validated in the validation studies are included in the table below, as statistical data was only selected to be displayed for a number of nutrients, this included:

  • Energy
  • Fat
  • Saturated Fat
  • Mono-unsaturated Fat
  • Poly-unsaturated Fat
  • Carbohydrates
  • Protein
  • Sugar
  • Non‐starch polysaccharides(NSP)
  • Sodium
  • Calcium
  • Iron
  • Zinc
  • Retinol
  • Folate
  • Folic Acid
  • Vitamin B12
  • Vitamin C
  • Fruit & Vegetables
  • Urinary Nitrogen

To find information on the other validated nutrients please read the validation study.

  • Energy
  • Macronutrients: 7
  • Micronutrients: 6
Comparator Lifestage Sex Nutrient Measured info Mean Difference Standard Deviation info Correlation Coefficient info Cohen's Kappa Coefficient Percentage Agreement Percentage Agreement Categories info Lower Limits of Agreement Upper Limits of Agreement
Weighed Food Diary Adults Female Only (Unstructured) Energy (kcal) -62 497 0.42 (S) 37 4 -1056 932
Energy (kJ) -260 2080 0.42 (S) 37 4 -4420 3900
Protein (g) 1 25 0.21 (S) 34 4 -48 50
Fat (g) 1 32 0.40 (S) 38 4 -62 64
Carbohydrates (g) -17 56 0.60 (S) 41 4 -128 94
Total Sugars (g) -7 34 0.63 (S) 56 4 -74 60
Fibre (NSP) (g) -1 5 0.61 (S) 44 4 -11 9
Calcium (mg) -73 374.5 0.28 (S) 35 4 -822.0 676.0
Iron (mg) -0.6 5.1 0.53 (S) 41 4 -11 10
Retinol (µg) 273 3816.4 0.54 (S) 45 4 -7360 7906
Vitamin C (mg) -12 48.4 0.54 (S) 39 4 -108.7 84.7
Fruit (g) 18
Vegetables (g) 1.0
Weighed Food Diary Adults Female Only (Structured) Energy (kcal) 194 583 0.46 (S) 41 4 -973 1360
Energy (kJ) 810 2440 0.46 (S) 41 4 -4070 5690
Protein (g) 7 28 0.34 (S) 39 4 -50 64
Fat (g) 13 37 0.40 (S) 41 4 -61 87
Carbohydrates (g) 16 60 0.60 (S) 43 4 -105 137
Total Sugars (g) 8 39 0.65 (S) 47 4 -70 86
Fibre (NSP) (g) 0 6 0.49 (S) 38 4 -13 13
Calcium (mg) 73 322.0 0.57 (S) 42 4 -571.0 717.0
Iron (mg) 0.7 6.32 0.36 (S) 37 4 -11.9 13.3
Retinol (µg) -95 1535.4 0.33 (S) 32 4 -3165.8 2975.8
Vitamin C (mg) 11 63.6 0.35 (S) 36 4 -116.1 138.1
Fruit (g) 12
Vegetables (g) 22

Some results have been calculated using statistical techniques based on the published data.

For further information on statistical terms click on Statistical tests used in validation studies

All correlations coefficients in the table are unadjusted unless stated otherwise. For adjusted correlation coefficients and other statistical methods used in the study e.g. paired t-tests, please read the validation articles.

  • # Adjusted
  • † Energy adjusted.
  • ‡ For loge-transformed, energy-adjusted nutrient intakes.
  • ^ Adjacent included.
  • ᵟ Participants provided identical responses.
  • (w) = Weighted.

Bingham SA, Gill C, Welch A, Day K, Cassidy A, Khaw KT, et al. Comparison of dietary assessment methods in nutritional epidemiology: weighed records v. 24 h recalls, food-frequency questionnaires and estimated-diet records. British Journal of Nutrition. 1994 Oct 1;72(04):619-43.